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Home Page > Technology > On the Use of Bromide to Chloride Ion Ratios and Tritium Extents as Markers of Salinization in the Sub-surface Water Basin in the Philippines
On the Use of Bromide to Chloride Ion Ratios and Tritium Extents as Markers of Salinization in the Sub-surface Water Basin in the Philippines
Posted: Jun 14, 2009 |Comments: 0
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One of the common problems in groundwater quality is salinization. As long as the salinity is immobile it is generally of little concern, but when saline water encroach into freshwater supply, it becomes a serious economic problem. The identification of saline waters is easily done by measurement of conductivity and dissolved ions. However, in many cases, it is important to identify the source of salinity and the path of movement of saline water to prevent or to be able to control contamination and irreversible damage to the freshwater resource. Mitigation and management is approached differently depending on the source of salinization.
A study was made by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute in collaboration with the Bacolod City Water District on the tritium extents in relation to the Bromide to Chloride ion ratios in the subsurface water basin, covering the the entire city of Bacolod City, the capital of the province of Negros Occidental in Western Visayas of the Philippines. The study area is globally located at coordinates 10º 40’ 40 “ N and 122º 54 ‘ 25 “ E. Bacolod City is the capital and gateway of the Province of Negros Occidental and one of the major cities in the region. It is shifting its landscape from predominantly agricultural (mostly sugarcane plantations) to an urbanized region and depends mainly on groundwater for their water supply [BACIWA, 2003].
Tritium statistics were used in tandem with geochemical information for the characterization of recharge to the Bacolod city basin. Water samples were obtained from selected production wells, domestic wells, and surface water sources. Tritium was determined by electrolytic enrichment of the water samples and subsequent counting in a low level liquid scintillation counter. Tritium analysis is used to estimate the time since recharge to the groundwater system occurred and the susceptibility of the aquifer to contamination. Surface water being in equilibrium with present atmospheric tritium concentrations have now decreased to about 1.5 tritium units (TU) which is the predicted concentration in the Southeast Asian region assuming the 3H bomb peak time in the 1950’s. The average tritium in the groundwater not receiving modern recharge appeared to be 0.52 Tritium Units(TU), while surface and rain waters have an average of 0.98 and 1.12 TU, respectively.
Physico-chemical properties (pH , conductivity, temperature) of the water were determined on site. Chemical characterization was focused on the determination of major cationic composition Na, K, Mg, Ca, as well as the major anions, Sulfate, (SO4), Chloride (Cl) by ion chromatography and bicarbonate ion by titration. Two portions of the basin displayed salient conductivity and chloride ion values which were strikingly greater than the rest of the other sampling points within the three year monitoring period. Tritium extents indicate that wells near the coasts receive potential contribution from modern recharge. Ion mass balance calculations and Br/Cl ratios corroborate tritium results to further validate that sea water intrusion may account for the high conductivities. The salinization and high conductivity of groundwater at points far from the coasts were attributed to connate formation at the deeper layer aquifers. Tritium extents indicated insignificant, sluggish recharge from precipitation before the 1950’s, while ion mass balance do not indicate sea water intrusion.
Establishment of geochemical data, in tandem with Tritium, isotopic and other techniques, help in the identification of the origin and mechanism of recharge to the tapped aquifers which may aid local government units to properly delineate the areas that shall need concerted effort for protection, forest cover preservation and restoration within or outside the reservation area of the watershed.
(ArticlesBase SC #970661)
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Raymond J. Sucgang -
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Article Tags:
aquifer, geochemical, sea water intrusion, connate salt formation, tritium, bacolod city, raymond sucgang, bromide, chloride, ion ratios, philippine nuclear resaerch institute, bacolod city water district, salinization, sea water, salt, intrusion, modern
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Raymond J. Sucgang has 6 articles online
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